The Taming Of The Shrew By George Bernard Shaw - 849 Words

Change is a concept familiar to all, yet its exact implications remain a mystery. Change is relative to perception of reality, so no two people can be changed in the same way. In â€Å"The Taming of the Shrew†, by William Shakespeare, â€Å"Pygmalion† by George Bernard Shaw, and â€Å"Frankenstein† by Mary Shelley, the protagonists force change upon their respective subjects in order to benefit in some fashion. They soon discover that forcing change on another person can be a reality, but it does not happen without consequence. Victor Frankenstein strives toward creation of life, but instead is met with suffering and death. At the creation, Victor states, â€Å"He held up the curtain of the bed; and his eyes, if eyes they may be called, were fixed on me. His†¦show more content†¦What have you left me fit for? Where am I to go? What am I to do? What s to become of me?†() Like Frankenstein’s monster, Eliza begins to question herself and how the change she is undergoing affects her life. She uses this as justification to run away from Higgins and start her new life. Eliza then laments to Colonel Pickering, â€Å"I shall always be a flower girl to Professor Higgins, because he always treats me as a flower girl, and always will; but I know I can be a lady to you, because you always treat me as a lady, and always will.†() The lack of fatherly affection shown by Higgins in this case leads Eliza to turn against him after realizing he was not any more gentlemanly than any other man. Hig gins did not achieve what he desired in his control of Eliza, to have her be obedient. The Taming of the Shrew holds many variations of change amongst its characters. One of the Lords in the opening scene remarked, â€Å"I long to hear him call the drunkard husband, And how my men will stay themselves from laughter, When they do homage to this simple peasant.† (Shakespeare ?) There is no benefit to either party for the facade of royalty being placed upon the poor man and it only serves as amusement for the lords. Right from the beginning, transformations are being made in other characters to foreshadow Kate’s eventual change. She remarks, â€Å"Young budding virgin, fair and fresh and sweet,Whither away, or where is thy abode?Show MoreRelatedSexism in The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare Essay example1104 Words   |  5 PagesSexism in The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare The Taming Of The Shrew by William Shakespeare is an introduction in the everpresent battle of women to be loving and caring wives, while at the same time holding on to our independence. Its plot is derived from the popular war of the sexes theme in which males and females are pitted against one another for dominance in marriage. The play begins with an induction in which a drunkard, Christopher Sly, is fooled into believing he is a kingRead MoreHow Shakespeare Impacted The British History?1851 Words   |  8 Pagesto his own outstanding work due to the fact that his parents were illiterate. Shakespeare’s first plays were based on the categories of comedy and tragedy such as â€Å"Titus Andronicus , The Two Gentlemen of Verona , The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and â€Å"Henry VI† . (William Shakespeare, n.d.). He began interacting with different theater companies when his plays started becoming a hit on the stage. By, 1594 he prepared to write and acting for a troupe called Lord Chamberlain’s Men, inRead MoreEssay on William Shakespeares Authenticity3166 Words   |  13 PagesMassinger and John Ford have openly borrowed from his works. Restoration dramatists such as Thomas Otway, John Dryden and William Congrave show signs of his influence as well as modern playwrights John Osborne, Harold Pinter, Samuel Beckett and George Bernard Shaw. Shaw rewrote the last act of Cymbeline, Tom Stoppard developed new characters for Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead and Edward Bond created his own version of King Lear. Shakespeare has also been welcomed all over the world

Leadership Characteristics Of A Successful Leader

Introduction In this paper we will discuss the different types of leadership characteristics it takes to become a successful leader. Also we will touch base on my personal advantages that I have in leadership and the areas where I need to work on further improving in the area of leadership. Additionally this paper will shed light upon the real world work place scenarios where leadership strengths can be applied. Finally we will discuss the benefits of understanding individual styles of leadership. In the dictionary leadership is defined as analytical management ability and it is that talent to influence a group of individuals toward a mutual goal. These abilities will aid a leader in developing his skills as a leader. Leaders play an enormous part whether the duty that they are taking on is immense or unimportant. Leaders face extraordinary challenges as they attempt to communicate and interact with their workforces and prospective associates to comprehend and understand what they think and what they perform. Leaders should also recognize that creativeness and innovation are the life of their company. The undertaking of each leader must be to examine constantly for concepts and programs that are healthier for the business that they are presently committed to. When you think about a leader you think of someone who possesses a number of qualities. You would like to think that they are enthusiastic, have good judgment, and are intelligent, a good people person, and a greatShow MoreRelatedThe Teacher Leadership Compensation Model Essay1245 Words   |  5 Pagesliterature pertaining to educational leadership, including general theoretical concepts of effective leaders, trends in educational leadership, effective personal leadership traits of school leaders, and the Iowa Teacher Leadership Compensation model. First, this review provides a foundation by examining theoretical concepts in general leadership theories. It focuses on historical trends in general leadership as we as general personal leadership traits of effective leaders. Next, this review provides anRead MoreLeadership And The Actions It Entails1175 Words   |  5 PagesThe study of leadership and the actions it entails can be dated back as far as 2300 B.C (Bass and Stodill, 1990), however in the modern day the study has evolved greatly, with theories and writers inputting their views and constantly updating and changing the definitions of what they believe leadership to be. It is argued that the study of leadership has â€Å"almost as many definition as there are persons who have attempted to define the concept† (Bolden, 2005), however the majority of the definitionsRead MoreCharacteristics Of An Multi Billion Dollar Contract851 Words   |  4 PagesStarcorp Industries needs a leader to help turn the company’s current position into a successful one, while working to complete the contract they received. B. Characteristics of the ideal leader The characteristics of the ideal leader in running Starcorp’s would be challenging, as a leader is going to have to act as a change agent to get the employees back in line with the company’s objectives. To effectively lead Starcorp Industries, a leader should use servant leadership style in getting followersRead MoreThe Role Of Women s Leadership Program1684 Words   |  7 Pagesfactors shaping them, women can construct coherent narratives about who they are and who they want to become† (p. 5). By creating a safe setting that involves a coaching relationship, women’s leadership program, a support group of peers, these women can interpret these messages and begin developing their leadership identity that best fits their needs. Ibarra, Ely, and Kolb also stated, â€Å"when they are grounded in candid assessments of the cultural, organizational, and individual factors shaping themRead MoreLeadership Theory Of Leadership Theories Essay1536 Words   |  7 Pagesgood management is essential in organisations and that managers have to be leaders as well (Samson Daft 2014). The statement that true leaders are born with important traits such as intelligence, honesty, self-confidence†¦and appearance is unfitting but rather successful development of leadership is achieved through the transformational leadership theory. This essay will describe the trait transformational based leadership theories, on its effective purpose and compare and contrast it through reasoningRead MoreThe Leadership Style Of Leadership890 Words   |  4 PagesWhen one thinks of successful leadership, words like power, authority, and control often come to mind. Examining leadership in detail reveals that many different leadership styles exist. Some leaders may be authoritarian, where their rules are law and enforced in a utilitarian fashion. Others may prefer to lead in a more democratic manor, where employees help make decisions and feel involved in workplace h appenings. Robert Greenleaf, who at the time was an executive at ATT, developed another styleRead MoreLeadership As A Leader Is A Person Or Thing Who Leads1723 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction If you could in your own words define a leader what would you say a leader was? A leader could be considered many different things depending on who you ask. According to Merriam Webster’s dictionary a leader is a person or thing who leads. That’s a pretty broad definition. Sanjiv Kumar defines leadership as the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of goals (Kumar, 2014). BusinessDictionary.com defines a leader as a person or thing that holds a dominant or superior positionRead MoreThe Ineffective Leader : An Effective Leader1241 Words   |  5 PagesThe Ineffective Leader When identifying characteristics of effective leaders, looking at traits of ineffective leaders can also provide insight. While the focus of many studies is to identify the specific characteristics that can make someone a good leader, it is important not to overlook those qualities that have a negative effect on employee morale, retention, and acceptance. Martin (2013) identified seven traits of ineffective leaders, which include appearing too busy, being above helping yourRead MoreThe Characteristics Of A Leader1554 Words   |  7 PagesThe Benefits of Leadership It is so important for every individual to know the great characteristics of being a leader. Leadership today is such a dominant characteristic to have because it shows the capability of being able to lead others with an purpose. This role is used everywhere within a job field, sports, churches, homes, and pretty much anything you can name when you are taking authority from someone or something. Five characteristics of leadership that I will be discussing in this paperRead MoreThe Characteristics Of A Leader1554 Words   |  7 PagesThe Benefits of Leadership It is vaguely important for every individual to know the great characteristics of being a leader. Leadership today is such a dominant characteristic to have because it represents the capability of being able to lead others with an purpose. This role is used everywhere within a job field, sports, churches, homes, and pretty much anything you can name when you are taking authority from someone or something. Five characteristics of leadership that I will be discussing in

Individual Reflective Essay for Gibbs Model - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theIndividual Reflective Essayfor Gibbs Model. Answer: In this essay paper, I would give a reflection on the issue that emerged during the period of my clinical practice to build and apply the interpersonal skills that I possess so as to develop and maintain my therapeutic relationships with the patient am offering the nursing care services. In this individual reflection, I would reflect on the issue using the Gibbs (1998) reflective cycle and critically analyze the issue applying the Gibbs Model. Moreover, I shall come up with recommendations for addressing the problem in case it emerges again in the due future and state the appropriate ways of implementing the plan of action(Husebo, O'Regan, Nestel, 2015). The Gibbs model comprises of six steps to make up the cycle which is clear and precise with high capability of improving on my health profession and clinical practice for the better learning from the daily encounters while on attachment. The Gibbs cycle begins with a brief description of the issue at stake and proceeds to the critic al analysis of the personal feelings. Further, it aids in the evaluation of the encountered experience and offers the basis for critical analysis of the experience to make sense out of it. Lastly, the model involves drawing a conclusion on what I did, and the recommendations I would make for dealing with the same issue in case it arose again. According to Baird and Winter (2005, p. 156), the Gibbs Model of reflection becomes significant in the clinical practice since it enables the nursing students to acquire the necessary practice knowledge, adapts to different environments of placement, build on the self-esteem and satisfaction as they value and develop on their nursing professionalism. On the contrary, Sivitier in his publication of 2005, argues that the reflection gets focused on assisting us students to gain the self-confidence, establish when we should improve and aid us in learning out of our mistakes and the behavior(Kumar, 2016). Furthermore, Sivitier stated that the reflection would make nursing students value their patients perspectives, have self-awareness and acquire the vital experience in handling the future. At my disposal, am supposed to develop and maintain better therapeutic relationships with my patient which involves the patient-nurse relationship. In the patient-nurse relationship, therapeutic bondage gets established out of the sense of trust and the mutual understanding which exists between the patient and the nurse on duty. The good contact relationship between the nurse and patient helps to develop trustworthily and boosts the self-esteem of the patient resulting in the contemporary personal growth(Johns, 2017). Also, the therapeutic communication becomes essential in the improvement of the patients abilities in conducting the physical activities. It gets necessary for the nurse on duty to show total care, sincere, empathy, and trust to the patient to build a healthy therapeutic relationship. The nurses attitudes would only get expressed to the patient through the effective communication means and excellent interpersonal skills. Communication will include both the verbal which comprise of speech and the non-verbal communication that involves the use of sign language, change of postures, the body movement and facial expressions, change of intonation and the volume level(Weller, Boyd, Cumin, 2014). Thus, in this essay, I would give a discussion on the nurse-patient relationship applying the interpersonal skills. The reflection would revolve around the patient whom I shall not mention her real name so as to protect the confidentiality of her information as per the Nursing and Midwifery Council requirement. I shall call my patient as Mrs. Y. During my clinical placement, I was assigned to serve on the female ward to offer the necessary mental health care services in my third semester. At the health facility where I got clinical placement, there existed two psychiatric wards which were partitioned and separated to serve the male and females who had mental problems(Arnold Boggs, 2015). The two precincts shared a small cafeteria within the wards premises. Usually, the wards got always locked from a single and the main entrance. As a matter of interaction between patients, the female patients were advised and got encouragement to move out of their rooms mix freely with male patients at the cafeteria section during the meal time hours. At lunchtime, I spotted one of the female patients seated still on her ward bed. She was known as Mrs. Y, aged 78 years old, early on got diagnosed with the schizophrenia condition. She failed to control the tremor as a result of the side effect of the anti-psychotic medication for the Parkinson Disease(Riley, 2015). Due to the muscle problem, Mrs. Y could not walk so I had to take lunch meal to her and consume while on the bed. Unfortunately, she failed to manage to feed herself. As a student nurse, I assessed her diet and got some meal for her. I took up the role of feeding her until she cleared all the food. I approached my client and introduced myself before offering her meal. I tried as much as possible to develop a healthy therapeutic relationship with her since I did not want her to perceive me as a stranger given that I did not belong to either her family or relative. At first, I approached her politely asked her why she wanted to take lunch or not. My patient gets prescribed for just soft diet as she had some difficulties in the swallowing or simply the dysphagia condition(Crystal Crystal, 2016). I proceeded and sought permission from her so that I can feed her. At that very first moment, she just looked at me and kept quiet. In such a situation, I had to show up efficient and empathic listening skills as I fitted myself on her shoes assuming that I had a problem with hearing. Following Wold (2004, p73), empathic listening got viewed as that willingness to have a better understanding of another person without judging the person based on facts. I gently touched the patients shoulde r, continued talking and raising my tone a little bit since I had some fears that she had difficulty in hearing. I made some gestures at the same time I was speaking to her, the gestures would get interpreted as the eating action. I had to pause, pardoned my actions using simpler and local dialect words for my client. Fortunately, she looked instantly at me and shook her head in acceptance. The body gestures which I used assisted me a lot in the conversation. Meanwhile, I had some worries on whether she understood the first language, did not know her real mother tongue since did not talk at all. I tirelessly continued using the body gestures and the facial expressions. Personally, I thought that I should speak a bit louder and learn more about her language such that she would easily understand and make a good interpretation of the gestures I made. In the process of engaging my client, I felt that language barrier hindered effective verbal communication(Little, et al., 2015). But, luckily the patient seemed to understand the sign language and knew that I would feed her. At the time of feeding, I maintained eye contact so that my client would not shy off while eating. The eye contact would make my patient feel that am so much willing and interested in assisting her to take her lunch meal. I made her feel comfortable and enjoy the meal until was all finished. Based on the Gibbs evaluation, I felt that I made an informed decision of taking up the duty of feeding my patient. Also, I developed the therapeutic relationship between my patient and I. though the communication would be termed as task-centred since only a single element hindered the effective communication amongst the nurses, in my case I felt that nurse-patient relationship developed with communication which included both the effective patient-centred sharing and the task-centred communication(Lavelle, Dimic, Wildgrube, McCabe, Priebe, 2015). Personally, I had attended Mrs. Y as my patient with empathy since she would not manage feed herself and it turned upon me as my duty to feed her for her to receive better nursing care while in the ward. In this clinical practice, I had not been tied to only a single type of communication as task-centred but had an opportunity for building the therapeutic relationship based on the patient-centred process offering the genuineness, the warmth and the appropriate empathy towards my client. I managed to improve my personal skills for non-verbal communication throughout my conversations while feeding the patient. The non-verbal communication played a greater part in communicating with my patient since she had a hearing problem and would not understand the first language(Stevenson, 2014). Based on this case scenario, the non-verbal communication becomes significant in handling and caring for the elderly patients with hearing problems. Such communication gets utilized in the capturing of the attention of the patients with hearing impairment before they get to speak to me or any other nurse. Through, the non-verbal communication, my patient got to see me physically and drove out any fears she head, and I had an opportunity to learn and develop on the non-verbal communication skills. In accordance to Wold (2004, p.76) the use of gestures enabled me to deal with the language barrier that existed between my patient and me, body gestures forms one of the types of the non-verbal communication with a way of expressing ideas and gets significant for patients who would not speak any word. During the fee ding of my patient, I made use of the facial expressions to encourage her to finish the meal(Sarvestani, et al., 2016). The meal might have seemed not delicious to her since she would always withdraw after a short duration but I encouraged her to finish. I gave a smile on her and gave her assurance that the meal would improve her health and give her energy. Besides, the facial expressions were effective means of non-verbal communication as they got not curtailed to any particular culture or age bracket. In analyzing the issue, I had to make an evaluation that my non-verbal communication skills were significant to provide better and quality nursing care for my patient. Non-Verbal communication enabled I to break the language between by patient and I, given that she would not speak the official language and I knew a few words of her second language(Kumar, 2016). It seemed quite hard to have interpersonal communication based on the verbal communication since I would not speak her second language fluently. Though in some publications, such as that of White (2005, p.112), a nursing student is advised to learn some words or common phrases in the second language that would make the patient at ease of understanding better the care offered. Similarly, in this individual reflection, I learned how interpersonal communication played a vital role while I handled my patient in the process of delivering safe and quality care. My patient took some time in adapting to the situation of I feeding her. I concentrated much in my inner feelings and thoughts while feeding her, such that I would get the best way of improving on my non-verbal communication skills and render it useful(Ebrahim, Robinson, Crooks, Harenwall, Forsyth, 2016). Luckily, I managed to communicate with her easily, and she enjoyed the meal up to the last bite. I realized that it was important to create a strong rapport so that I would encourage her to learn on the use of both verbal and non-verbal communication. Furthermore, the ability of effective communication would enable her to share easily with the other nurses. My action plan for any future clinical placement involving the similar issue of feeding a patient would require me to prepare adequately to properly care such a patient with hearing impairment or unable to use the official language(Persson, Kvist, Ekelin, 2015). Since the key priority of healthcare is to offer the safe and quality nursing care for her client, therefore, I would take my time in understanding my patient well and strategize on how to render the best care to him/her. From experience, I came to realize that effective communication whether verbal or non-verbal would enable a health care provider to understand the patient and know about the health status in the process of nursing the client. Besides, good listening skills and maintaining eye contact plays a significant role in making the patient feel that her problems get taken into much consideration, and there is the feeling of empathy(Howatson-Jones, 2016). This would cause the patient feel free and fight any fears she might be having and openly narrate to you what she wants or how she feels. In conclusion, I would proudly mention that the Gibbs Reflective Cycle forms the better part of my reflective framework. Through the model, I managed to develop and build on the therapeutic relationships with my patient using the interpersonal skills. The reflective cycle offers critical stages which enable a health care provider to understand and apply each step in the nursing care for the patients. The Gibbs model allows us as the health practitioners to briefly and precisely describe a health issue, undertake an analysis and effectively evaluate the previous experience. References Arnold, E. C., Boggs, K. U. (2015).Interpersonal relationships: Professional communication skills for nurses. Elsevier Health Sciences. Crystal, B. S. N., Crystal, E. (2016). Improving Nurse-Patient Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication Skills: ICU Patients with Neurological Communication Impairments. Ebrahim, S., Robinson, S., Crooks, S., Harenwall, S., Forsyth, A. (2016). Evaluation of awareness level knowledge and understanding framework personality disorder training with mental health staff: impact on attitudes and clinical practice.The Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice,11(3), 133-143. Ekelin, M., Kvist, L. J., Persson, E. K. (2016). Midwifery competence: Content in midwifery students? daily written reflections on clinical practice.Midwifery,32, 7-13. Howatson-Jones, L. (2016).Reflective practice in nursing. Learning Matters. Huseb, S. E., O'Regan, S., Nestel, D. (2015). Reflective practice and its role in simulation.Clinical Simulation in Nursing,11(8), 368-375. Johns, C. (2017).Becoming a reflective practitioner. John Wiley Sons. Kumar, K. (2016). Reflection and its uses in Problem Solving and Personal Development. Kumar, K. (2016). Reflection and its uses in Problem Solving and Personal Development. Lavelle, M., Dimic, S., Wildgrube, C., McCabe, R., Priebe, S. (2015). Non?verbal communication in meetings of psychiatrists and patients with schizophrenia.Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,131(3), 197-205. Little, P., White, P., Kelly, J., Everitt, H., Gashi, S., Bikker, A., Mercer, S. (2015). Verbal and non-verbal behaviour and patient perception of communication in primary care: an observational study.Br J Gen Pract,65(635), e357-e365. Persson, E. K., Kvist, L. J., Ekelin, M. (2015). Analysis of midwifery students' written reflections to evaluate progression in learning during clinical practice at birthing units.Nurse education in practice,15(2), 134-140. Riley, J. B. (2015).Communication in nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. Sarvestani, R. S., Moattari, M., Nasrabadi, A. N., Momennasab, M., Yektatalab, S., Jafari, A. (2016). Empowering nurses through action research for developing a new nursing handover program in a pediatric ward in Iran.Action Research, 1476750316636667. Stevenson, F. (2014). Achieving visibility? Use of non?verbal communication in interactions between patients and pharmacists who do not share a common language.Sociology of health illness,36(5), 756-771. Weller, J., Boyd, M., Cumin, D. (2014). Teams, tribes and patient safety: overcoming barriers to effective teamwork in healthcare.Postgraduate medical journal,90(1061), 149-154.

Research Paper on Online Shopping Essay Example

Research Paper on Online Shopping Essay Internat Shopping Research Paper Online shopping is the process of purchasing of goods and services with the help of the Internet without leaving ones home. With the development of the Internet and information technologies the global business has moved into the web due to a great number of positive factors. First of all it is convenient for consumers who prefer staying at home and look through the goods and services they require instead of spending long hours in supermarkets, stores which are situated miles away. Then, businessmen save much money selling their production in the Internet, because it is far cheaper to create a detailed website than to build a house and open a store there. Even the smallest store requires energy, electricity, heating and rent payment, so it is expensive to keep such business in a good order. Evidently, goods are more expensive at a real store than in the Internet, because the owner does not have to waste money on extra expenditures. Online shopping is also cheaper for businessmen, because they do not have to spend so much money on advertising and salary for their employees. Customers prefer online shopping to the ordinary one not only because of lower prices but due to other factors. First of all, they do not have to stand in a queue several hours. Then, a web store often offers broader choice of production, which a great advantage. Another strong side is the delivery of goods. Online shops always deliver their production directly to your flat for quite a low price and very often the delivery is free. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Online Shopping specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Online Shopping specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Online Shopping specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Today more and more companies offer the option of online shopping, so people can spend more time to more useful things than shopping being able to purchase everything at the moment’s notice. Online shopping has become a part of our life, so everyone should know the principles of its functioning. A well-organized online shopping research proposal is a set of smart ideas on the topic. Every student who wants to prepare a research paper should convince the professor in the importance of the topic at first. It can be done only with the help of a well-composed research proposal, which is based on the scrupulous research and contains interesting brand new thoughts about online shopping, its functioning and possible methods of its improvement. It is difficult to persuade the professor that the chosen topic is worth his attention, so one should look for the secrets of essay writing in the Internet. Free sample research proposals on online shopping prepared by the experienced writers will provide students with smart ideas concerning the problem of analysis and structure of the paper. Very often a successful free example research proposal on online shopping is the best help for the young people who need a good piece of advice of an expert.

3 Good Study Habits for College Students by Lauren Gartner

3 Good Study Habits for College Students by Lauren Gartner 3 Habits of Top Students You Should Grow Students who possess good study habits are more likely to have better grades than students who don’t. They are also less likely to suffer from school related anxiety. This is largely due to the fact that they are less likely to fall behind, or to realize at the last minute they don’t understand something. There are some good study habits that apply to students of all ages. Presumably most people reading this know most, if not all of these. What this posting is going to discuss is a few specific study habits for college students. These 3 good study habits for college students are sure to help students start the school year on the right track. Don’t Toss Homework Assignments, Tests, or Quizzes Save these, and take the time to correct wrong answers if your professor hasn’t done so already. Highlight items that are particularly important or that you found most difficult. Then, stick them in a binder with a tab that indicates the specific subject each one covers. When you are finished, what you will have is your own study guide for the class. This is perfect for studying for your final exam. If you would rather not keep paper copies, scan them into your smartphone, and organize them with a note taking app. You’ll still have a study guide, and you’ll be able to take it with you wherever you go. Don’t wait for Down Time to Study If you wait until you have the opportunity to be at your desk in a quiet bedroom, apartment, or dorm room to study, you will never get any studying done. Your residence hall will always be noisy, you’ll always have someplace that you need to be. You may have had a block of time every evening in high school where your parents made sure that you had a quiet and distraction free place to study. Nobody is going to guarantee you a distraction free study area in college, and there’s a good chance that you won’t have a block of time each evening. So, get an app to organize your study notes. Study while you eat your lunch. Review your notes while you ride the bus to work. Do you have 20 minutes between classes? Squeeze in some study time. In fact, studying in short bursts like this may help you to retain information for longer periods of time. Emulate the Study Habits of the Busiest Students It may seem logical to emulate the study habits of students who get the best grades. In reality, however, these students often have horrible study habits. This is because many of them simply don’t need to study. They just pick things up naturally. In other instances, these students study obsessively and unhealthily. The best study habits are often displayed by college students who manage to maintain respectable grades while leading exceptionally busy social and work lives. If you want to learn how to improve study habits, these are the people to ask.

How To Choose an Immigration Lawyer

How To Choose an Immigration Lawyer Theres a fair bit of paperwork to get done during the immigration process, and you may feel overwhelmed when you first sit down to prepare your immigration forms. You might begin to wonder if you need to hire an immigration lawyer to manage the process. However, if your case is fairly straightforward, you should be able to manage things on your own. There are good reasons, though, to hire an immigration lawyer to handle your case. If you run into a snag partway through the process, you might need legal assistance to work through the issue. If your immigration situation is complicated, or if you simply dont have the time or confidence to prepare the forms yourself, you might benefit from the help of an immigration lawyer. If youre going to hire an immigration lawyer, you need to do your homework. A good lawyer can be worth his or her weight in gold, while a poor one may just add to your problems. Here are 5 tips to keep in mind during your search. Get references. Ask family, friends or colleagues if they know any immigration lawyers. Even if they havent been through immigration themselves, they may be able to connect you with someone they know who has retained the services of an immigration lawyer. People are quick to recommend a good lawyer and even quicker to name a poor one, which can be a great help when youre beginning your search. Search AILA. Search for a lawyer on the American Immigration Lawyers Association (AILA) website. AILA is a national association of lawyers and attorneys who teach and practice immigration law, so you can be reasonably certain youre dealing with someone who understands immigration law and policies. If youre starting your research from scratch, you can search for a lawyer in your area. If youve been given the names of a few lawyers, you can look them up to see if they are members. While membership in AILA is not a requirement to practice immigration law, membership can be a good indication of a lawyers level of commitment to the practice. Interview your short list. Interview potential lawyers to find one who matches your needs. Ask them if they have any experience with your type of case. Immigration law is a huge specialty, so youll want a lawyer who is familiar with your type of case. If the lawyers provide client references, use the contacts to get a better understanding of the lawyers work styles. Compare fee schedules. Some lawyers bill by the hour while others charge a flat fee. Ask if there might be additional costs such as postage, courier fees or long distance charges. Check credentials. When youre sure youve found a lawyer you feel comfortable with, theres only one thing left to do before you sign a contract for services. Contact your local state bar to find out if your lawyer is licensed and in good standing, and if he or she has ever been subject to disciplinary action.

THE CHALLENGES FOR NURSES WHO PROVIDE PALLIATIVE CARE TO DAYING Essay

THE CHALLENGES FOR NURSES WHO PROVIDE PALLIATIVE CARE TO DAYING PATIENTS - Essay Example This holistic care services may be carried out in most clinical setting, including patient's home. Role of Nurses in Palliative Care Issues of death and caring for dying patients are certainly emotional human experiences that demands for a compassionate care. ICN reiterates that nurses should reduce suffering and help improve the quality of a dying patient's life, so with the family members. Nurses are expected create and maintain a relationship with the client who is therapeutic; working with them in a peaceful environment conducive for mitigating pain. As health care providers, they must be effective as clinical managers, supervisors, coordinating services, able to set priorities, monitor care outcomes, conducting health teachings to patient and the families, managing resources and efficient in providing nursing leadership in caring for dying patients. Issues and Challenges in Nursing Palliative Care In line with their work, several nurses experienced moral and ethical dilemmas. In January 2004 issue of Journal of the American Medical Association (2004, 11), authors who conducted survey about the end-of-life experiences of people who passed away shared that, majority of people preferred to die at home. Regardless of the setting, respondents shared that, the care given by the staff were inadequate: dyspnea (22%), pain (24%), and emotional needs (50%). There was higher patients' satisfaction with hospice care than the care provided by nursing homes, hospitals, and home care providers. Undoubtedly, the goals of care and care itself are interdisciplinary.On the contrary, The Institute of Medicine (IOM) elaborated that, in nursing homes, there is insufficient knowledge regarding the experience... This report approves that The health care team with the family must do advance planning so that, during the course of decision making, patient’s preferences are ensured. The patient needs to be guarded against any aggressive and inappropriate care near death. The team also has to make the time spent by the dying and the family precious. Despite declining physical health, the patient’s quality of life must be ensured. The financial burden of the family must be minimized; patient and the family should be educated in terms of insurance which cover treatment of the illness and help the family with bereavement should be given. All these are important and health care providers should be educated of the said principles. This essay makes a cocnlusion that good health is a responsibility of everyone. The overall health outcomes of a patient greatly depends on the collaborative efforts of the patient and family, health care providers and institution, insurance companies, and all the more, the government. When health care costs are rising, insurers must see to it that they address properly the patient’s needs. The public and policy making bodies must adopt the prolonging-life-at-any-cost approach in order to upgrade the existing quality health care system. Nurses should not only predict the moment of patient’s death but should anticipate the risks and difficulties patient experience, rather discuss dying, support patient and family by informing them about appropriate treatment decisions.

E-MARKETING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

E-MARKETING - Essay Example It now offers more effective and efficient ways for communicating the messages of the company to the consumers. The report will highlight on the difference between the traditional marketing communication and the E-marketing communication. The report will also highlight marketing tools which are presently being used in amazon.com. Apart from that the assignment will also try to explain on how amazon.com can utilize the diffusion adoption process in the context with its newly released Amazon kindle reader. And at the end the report will try to put some of the benefits of using viral email, interactive advertisement campaigns and E CRM. The key findings of the project are that amazon.com makes use of different kinds of marketing tools for its promotional purposes and increasing the customer experiences. Introduction Amazon.com Inc. is a global electronic commerce company which facilitates online buying of different kinds of products. The company was founded in the year 1994 and is headq uartered at Seattle, Washington, United States of America (Amazon, n.d.). Amazon.com is considered as the biggest online retailer of the planet. The company started its venture as an online book store but later diversified into other business lines. The company serves the customers via its retail websites and mainly focuses on the price and expediency. Apart from being a platform of online buying for the customers it also provides them with the opportunity to sell the product. One of the noticeable aspects is that the company has offered separate retail websites for countries like United Kingdom, United States, France, Germany and Italy among others. This course of action has been mainly undertaken to offer better customer experiences. Recently amazon.com has started developing Kindle e-reader which is gadget used for reading online e-books. The company also offers other services such as various promotional and marketing agreements like co-branded cash cards and different kind of on line advertisements (Yahoo finance, n.d.). E-Marketing vs. Traditional Communication Slowly and steadily many companies started to incorporate the use of modern marketing techniques in order to get the best out of it. One of the most significant ways of marketing communication came forward with E-marketing. Buzzwords such as digital marketing, online marketing and internet marketing are considered as synonymous with E-marketing (Pannu & Tomar, 2010, p.118). In simple words E-marketing or electronic marketing is the application of the principles of marketing and techniques of marketing within the electronic media and to be more specific by making use of internet. Internet marketing or E-marketing includes both direct as well as indirect marketing and a set of different technologies for making effective connection and communication to the customers. The growing importance of E marketing is the reason for its high return on investment from the traditional marketing. The benefits of E- marketing includes its reach to the mass customers, scope of offering a range of products and services, interactivity or interaction, provides immediate effect and targeting different group of customers across the national boundaries of the business. Amazon.com is a company which is based only on E- marketing, and makes use of different kinds of marketing tools to promote its product. The company also feels that their most

The fellowship of the ring Essay Example for Free

The fellowship of the ring Essay Bilbo knows that Frodo cares for him because, he himself is worried what Frodo will do if he leaves. When they are both at the party we see them together for the first time we see Frodo with is arm around him this is shown as a close bond. On Bilbos last speech the camera is focused in what Frodo thinks when it disappears, but when Bilbo says goodbye this is merely directed at Frodo. But when he disappears the shock on Frodos face is wondered and shock because he knows now he is by himself. Gandalf and Frodo character interaction are vital of presenting good and evil the good is particularly shown in the warmth of the shire. we first see Frodo meeting Gandalf in the first glimpse of the shire. As soon as Frodo hears the rattle of the cart his face is a delight as soon as these two meet it starts of with a joke this shows that they have both got a sense of humour and they can react with each other this revolves with a big lash out of a hug these two get on like a house on fire, so they should as these two have got a big road ahead in this epic tale. Sam and Frodo in the shire we see plenty of good in couples, this is one of the finest examples, this relationship is untouchable with two friendly harmless hobbits. Someone to break this relationship has to use a lot of cunning evil and trickery. We see this relationship unfold the first time we see them together. Sam is looking depressed and Frodo approaches him. He is looking at a girl and Frodo tells him to go and dance with her, Frodo gets Sam and tugs him into dancing, this brightens up Sams evening. To me this is what I call best friends. This relationship is full of trust and loyalty but what will these two come across in the future. The one ring and whoever the ring bearer the ring can easily and quickly poison evil in someones mind who ever it may be from hobbits to the dark lord himself this ring will break and take whoever live it may come across. The special effects of the props create a good effect of good and evil , for example the Orks look like ready made fighting machines this comes to me how the detail of there skin and how you can look in there eye and feel pure evil. Now as shown in the shire the impression of good is completely different to evil, the hobbits are small and which gives us the sense of harmlessness, this is shown in how big they are and how they have feelings. There is good quality use of editing in the prologue, for example at the start where they are naming the types of creature in middle earth, there is slow zooms and good fade outs these are also used in the shire. But in the prologue what it has that the shire has not got is the jump cuts because the prologue has to cover a longer period of time. But there is good use of editing all round in both parts. Lord of the Rings looks nothing less than spectacular. What is even more impressive is the fact that director Peter Jackson decided to film all three of the books at one time, no easy task by any stretch of the imagination. He uses all the technology and wizardry available to filmmakers today and thrusts the audience deep within the treacherous and exciting Middle-earth. From the diminutive hobbits, to the Elven city Rivendell to the dark Mines of Moira, its all there. The amount of talent involved in creating the filmthe conceptual artistry, the production design, the costumesshould be recognized come Oscar time. The pacing of the movie is excellent, with enough down time and heartfelt, if sometimes stilted, speeches to counteract the incredible action sequences. You hardly notice the three hours passing by, and it leaves you at the end wanting the quest to continue. The only one deterring fact is that the film really is for its die-hard fans. Certainly in the literary world, Tolkiens story is the mother of all epic fantasies, and Jackson has remained faithful to the material. In that, the movie doesnt necessarily have the universal appeal of, say, a Harry Potter. Nonetheless, Rings is a breathtaking piece of filmmaking. If you are a true-blue Rings follower, or even if you enjoy a good epic fantasy quest, the film has it all and will certainly not disappoint you. Lord of the rings English Course work Chris Cannarile Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE JRR Tolkien section.

The Ancient City :: essays research papers

The Ancient City Pompeii 'How democratic was Pompeian politics?'; In order to answer the above question, it is first necessary to consider the exact meaning of the term 'democracy';. Whilst it is difficult to give an exact definition of the word, it is certainly possible to create a list of the implications of democratic government for a society and its citizens. Perhaps the most obvious of these implications, certainly when considered from a modern standpoint, would be that every full member of a society would be considered as being equal, and thus would have an equal say in the running and appointing of a government. Secondly, truly democratic government would also imply that every member of society would have an equal opportunity to be elected to a governmental position. Such an opportunity should at least, in theory anyway, not be reliant on social class or position, nor financial support. Finally, the existence of a truly democratic system of government would also imply that governments be periodically elected, and during any given term of gov ernment, politicians would be fully employed by the state in the running of the country. Given such implications of democracy, Pompeian politics would appear at first appraisal to hardly be democratic at all. Certainly, it can be said that the politics of Pompeii in particular and by extension the politics of Roman society as a whole do not meet the modern, Western ideas of a relatively liberal, democratic society. However, such a modern, Western idea of democracy was one that was entirely alien to the citizens of Pompeii and to the citizens of many ancient civilizations. Therefore, the nature of Pompeian politics must be considered not only from a modern political standpoint, but also from a standpoint more relative to the political ideals of Pompeian society and the Roman Empire, where a very different form of democracy was in existence. Whilst such a form of democracy is very different to that of today, it is certainly accurate to say that there was at least some element of democracy in Pompeian politics. Without such an

Location options for retail and service businesses

INTRODUCTIONA firm location of determines how it operates and what factors hinder or enabling the firm to operate effectively. Localization of industry is beneficial in many instances, and at the same time has its demerits. Concentration of businesses service in the same location gives firm economies of externalities. These externalities come in form of backward linkages to the services from other firms, pulling a training school for manpower development and workers training.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LOCALIZATION OF FIRMSAdvantages of Central Business District include:I. Encourage the development of supportive service centers;ІІ.   Access to high skilled labors;ІІІ. Access to operational tools and spare parts;ІV. Access to modern technology and information technology;V. Encourage development of common training centers for staffers and clients orientation.Disadvantages of locating a service firm in a business district include:I.   Increase in   comp etition level among service firms;II.   Increase in cost of operation due to congested industry and business district.Advantages of Neighborhood locationІ. Having opportunity to get feedback from customers and clients;ІІ. Easy advertisement of services to clients;ІІІ.   Personal services are easily tailored to client taste.ІV. Assess to raw material for retail stores.Disadvantages of Neighborhood locationІ.   Service provision are restricted to those in the neighborhood;ІІ.  High cost for introducing new technology and workforce training.Advantages of Shopping Centers and Malls locationІ.  One time shopping is easily carried out by customers;ІІ.  Attraction of different categories of customers are encourages   due to product and services differentiationDisadvantages of Shopping Centers and Malls location:І.   Shop lifting are easily carried out due to many differentiated products;ІІ.  Customers may be tempted to buy the wrong product due to plethora of appealing products in the   window dressing;Advantages of store near competitors:І.  Ã‚   New strategy and business idea are learn from rivals;ІІ.  Ã‚   Cost reduction are reduced due to the competition among firms;ІІІ.   Raw materials are easily accessed;ІV.  Ã‚  Innovation are encouraged due to healthy competition among firmsV.     Encourage introduction of modern technologyDisadvantages of store near competitors:І    Organization strategies are counterpart thereby rendering the operations ineffective;ІІ    Unhealthy competition leads to blackmailing and sabotaging activities against rivalsAdvantages of outlying areasІ       Proper structure and market planning is encouraged;ІІ      Ã‚  Easy transportation of goods are enabledІІІ       Easy location of service and goods to an outletDisadvantages of outlying areasІ      Few operat ors are encouraged in the market which results in price hike;ІІ    Customers cannot make all service shopping in one location.Advantages of Home based location:І      Backward linkage to local raw materials is encouraged;ІІ      Cheap labor and cost reduction is easily accessed;ІІІ    Local taste and culture is easily recognized and upheld  Disadvantages of Home based locationІ      Varieties of product and service are restricted due to local taste and wants;ІІ       Difficulty in introducing new technologiesCONCLUSIONThe location of retail or service businesses influences how well such firm operates. The location may  Ã‚   result in the advancement of the business operations or may hinder it depending on the location and business type. It is then germane that adequate assessment is conducted to weigh the pros and cons of a place where a business would be located in order to derive maximum advantages.

How Did the Constitution Guard Against Tyranny Essay

Have you ever wondered what the US would be like if our government was a tyranny? Well, thanks to our founding fathers for creating a strong constitution, we don’t have to worry about that. The constitution was written in 1787 in Philadelphia. The problem was that the existing government that was under the Articles Of Confederation wasn’t very successful. Therefore, the fifty-five delegates representing twelve out of the thirteen states came together to tweak our constitution to create a strong government without allowing one person, or group of people to have too much power. The framers used the Constitution to protect against Tyranny in three ways federalism, separation of powers, and checks and balances. One way that the framers protected against Tyranny was through federalism. â€Å"The different governments will each control each other, at the same time will be controlled by itself. † (Document A) By separating the two different governments ,it creates a double security to the rights of the people Commentary, and the two control each other and itself. Read more: Tyranny constitution essay This guards from a tyranny because it keeps the power completely separated between central and state government but keeping the power even at the same time, so that one doesn’t inherit too much. Document A states that powers given to the central government include: regulate trade, conduct foreign relations, provide an army and navy, declare war, print and coin money, set up post offices, and make immigration laws. Powers given to the states include: set up local governments, hold elections, establish schools, pass marriage and divorce laws, and regulate in-state business. The two different parts government hold their own different powers and responsibilities that are both limited and shared to keep it fair. This guards from tyranny because it splits up the rolls between the central and state government but still keeps them even. Federalism is one of the main ways framers used to protect against tyranny. Another way the framers used the Constitution to protect against tyranny was separation of powers. â€Å"(L)iberty requires that the three great departments of power should be separate and distinct. (Document B) For our government to be successful we much create three main levels of government where powers are distributed. This guards from tyranny because it makes sure that no branch has more power than one another because they check each other. Document B states that in the Constitution article 1 section 1, article 2 section 1 clause 1, and article 3 section are about the three separate branches in our government and what responsibilities that each o ne holds. With our government having three different branches each one has its own limited powers that make a democracy possible. This guards against tyranny because no branch overpowers each other, nobody gets too much power, and the powers are evenly distributed. Separation of powers is one of the main things framers used to protect against tyranny. A third way that the framers used the Constitution protects against tyranny was checks and balances. â€Å"†¦ The constant aim is to divide and arrange the several offices in such a manner as that they check on the other†¦ The main goal is to make sure that each of the three branches have control over each other but still separated. This protects against tyranny because each branch has powers the control one another. In document C it states how each level of government limits and balances each other out to keep the powers even, and how our government is constitutional. Each different part of the government has three separate branches t he uses the Method checks and balances to keep power even and to have control over each other. This guards from tyranny because by keeping all of them limited with what they can do and in control of each other keeps it from one branch getting more power than another. Checks and balances is one of the main things the framers used to protect against tyranny. Federalism, Separation of powers, and checks and balances were the three ways that the framers used the constitution to protects our government against a tyranny. Paragraph 1 came from document A stating how federalism played a part in protecting against tyranny by creating double security for the people. Paragraph 2 came from document B stating how the separation of powers played a part in protecting against tyranny by creating three branches of government with separate powers. Paragraph 3 came from document c stating how checks and balances played a part in protecting against tyranny by making sure each branch had certain powers and also controlled each other at the same time. The founding fathers took advantage of the holes in the Articles of Confederation and used their knowledge to create a stronger constitution that today still guards from tyranny affecting our government.

Measuring the Impact of Illegal Immigrants on the California Health Care System essays

Measuring the Impact of Illegal Immigrants on the California Health Care System essays In 2005 the Pew Hispanic Center released a report that estimated there were 2.4 illegal immigrants in the state of California the previous year. The report also advised that such a large number of illegal immigrants would have a significant impact on many of the states programs, including education, social services and the health care system. Health care has been a hot bed of debate in America for several years as the costs continue to rise while access to care diminishes. Because of the problems with health care system, attention has recently turned to the question of whether or not illegal immigrants should be allowed access to an already overburdened health care system. Estimates of the fiscal impact from illegal immigration cannot be projected beginning with an agreement on a baseline number of undocumented immigrants in this country. Today, them is a reasonable agreement that between 11 and 12 million illegal immigrants live in the U.S., with the undocumented population growing by about 500,000 people every year(Liss, 2006). The estimates with regard to illegal immigrants in California include a belief that approximately 80 percent of illegal immigrants are Hispanic and from Mexico, with the second largest group being from India. California has been reported as one of the six most populated states with regard to illegal immigrants(Liss, 2006). One half of all Hispanics in California are believed to be undocumented and about half of those entered the country legally but failed to return to their homeland when they were supposed to do so(Liss, 2006). The impact of illegal immigrants in California is a topic of debate in many different arenas, including the health care field. The typical profile of illegal immigration in California is a Hispanic family with young children. There are currently an estimated three million children in the state who are from undocumented parents(Liss, 2006). Those childr...

ACT English Prep The Best Methods and Strategies

ACT English Prep The Best Methods and Strategies SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Preparing for the ACT English section can feel overwhelming. This section covers a lot of material that is often not taught in school, and the format is probably different from that of any other test you’ve taken. Even more confusing, there are a ton of differentsources forACT English prep. How do you decide which ones to use? How do you make the most efficient use of your study time? What should you do to prepare for ACT English to reach your target score? In this article, I will break down the best way to prepare for ACT English. I've arranged my tips by how important I feel they are to ACT English success, but you need to follow them all if you want to be fully prepared on test day. By following these tips, you can have a more disciplined, focused approach to your ACT prep, and you can be more confident in the methods you’re using to prepare. #1: Comprehensively Learn the Grammar Rules on the ACT Understanding the grammar rules the ACT tests isessential to doing well on the ACT English section. The ACT tests the same grammar rules repeatedly; if you can master these rules, you'll be well on your way to reaching your ACT English target score. On the PrepScholar blog, we have written articles on the grammar rules and errors that appear on the ACT. Each article provides real examples, explanations, and strategies for answering related questions: Subject-Verb Agreement Verb Tense and Forms Comma Rules Punctuation Pronoun Agreement Pronoun Case Wordiness and Redundancy Idioms Run-On Sentences/Sentence Fragments Parallelism Faulty Modifiers Adjective and Adverb Errors Relative Pronouns Word Choice/Diction Focus your studying on the rules that are most commonly tested, but ultimately you should be familiar with all the rules, especially if you're targeting a 36. Check out this article on the distribution of appearance of the grammar rules on the ACT. #2: Review the Types of Rhetorical Skills Questions and Strategies for Answering Them Many of the rhetorical skills questions differ greatly from the grammar questions, as theytest your reading comprehension andyour ability toanalyze the passage rather than your knowledge of conventions. To tackle these questions,you need to be able to identify what you're being asked and know how to find the correct answer. On the PrepScholar blog, there are articles on each type of rhetorical skills question, examples, and strategies for correctly answering each type of question. Here are links to these articles: Macro Logic Transitional Logic Relevance Add/Delete Author Main Goal Author Technique Formality Understanding the content and questions that appear on ACT English is imperative to doing well. However, if you want to prepare yourself fully, you need to repeatedly test your understanding by doing practice problems. #3: Do Tons of Practice Problems and Understand Every Mistake Doing tons of practice problems will make you more confident with the material and increase your comfort level with the unique format of the ACT English section. Make sure you keep doing practice problems consistently. Use official practice tests, when possible, because the problems on those tests are most representative of what you're likely to see on the ACT. I highly recommend you follow the advice in this post on the best sources for ACT English practice.Additionally, PrepScholar has over 1500 practice problems customized to each skill. It's important to note, however, that just doing practice problems isn't enough. Why You Need to Understand Your Mistakes Even though doing a ton of practice problems will be beneficial to your ACT English preparation, if you keep repeating the same mistakes, your score won't improve. You have to understand why you're getting questions wrong so you can address your weaknesses and continue raising your score. Students often neglect to take the necessary time to understand their mistakes and figure out how to correct them in the future. Understanding your mistakes can be more difficult than just doing practice problems, but it's an extremely important step in the preparation process. How to Understand Your Mistakes Fully understanding your mistakes takes time and effort. Here is the process I recommend you use to comprehend why you made each mistake and know how to improve your deficiencies. This process is somewhat rigorous, but it's the best way to prepare for ACT English. On every practice test andproblem set you do, circleevery question onwhichyou're even 20% unsure what the answer is. When you grade your test or quiz, carefully review eachquestion you circledor answered incorrectly. This way you'll be reviewing bothyour missed questions and the questions that you got right by guessing. On your computer or in a notebook, write down the gist of the question, why you missed it, and what you'll do to avoid that mistake in the future. Create different sections for each grammar rule and type of rhetorical skills question. Try to determine why you got questions wrong on your own. However, if you're having trouble figuring out why you made mistakes, the ACT website has a test with explanations and The Real ACT Prep Guide has 5 tests with explanations. Take notes on what you specifically missed and how to improve in the future. Be as thorough and specific as possible. For example, don't just write that you missed a comma question. Did you add a comma unnecessarily? Did you forget that you should put a comma before and after an appositive phrase? What resources will you use to learn this rule and ensure that you don't make the same mistake again? Also, don't just take notes on your content issues. Write down any information about your careless errors and what steps you'll take to prevent repeating them. Did you forget to read the whole sentence? Do you need to look at the answer choices more closely? You want to really dig into why you're missing questions and focus on specific ways to improve. #4: Identify Your Weaknesses and Drill Them As long asyou do a thorough job of categorizing your missed questions, you should be able to easily determineyour weaknesses. Spendadditional time practicing the areas in whichyou're struggling. Maybe there's a specific grammar rule like pronoun agreement or parallelism that's causing you difficulties. Maybe you struggle with a specific type of rhetorical skills question like author main goal or macro logic questions. Do extra content review and practice problems related to those types of questions. We thinkPrepScholar is a great resource for this type of practice because it's designed to customize your ACT prep to focus on your weaknesses.If you'd prefer to try something else, the best ACT prep books and websitesalso have real and realistic practice problems for each type of ACT English question. Additionally, you should continue reviewing all the questions you missed and marked. Focus your studying on the areas where you're having problems. If you spend the majority of your time practicing stuff you already know, you're not using your time effectively. #5: Determine If You Have a Time Management Issue and, If So, Address It How to Determine if You Have Time Management Issues Find an official ACT and take the ACT English section. Use a timer and treat it like a real test. If time runs out and you're not finished, keep going,but for every new answer or answer you change after the allottedtime, mark it with a note as "Extra Time." Grade your test, but we want two scores: 1) The Realistic score you got under normal testing conditions and 2) The Extra Time score. If the difference is more than 4 raw points, then you need to address your time management issues. How to Fix Time Management Issues Generally, time management improves as you become more familiar and confident with the content. If time management is a lingering issue, you may have to change how you approach ACT English passages. Also, you may need to monitor your time spent per question. Easier grammar questions should take around 15-20 seconds. Big picture rhetorical skills questions can take up to a minute. I recommend never spending more than a minute on any individual question. Keep in mind that you have an average of 36 seconds per question in ACT English. While some of you may struggle completing the ACT English section, others may find that they're rushing. This is an equally serious problem. If you're finishing the section with more than 5 minutes left and you're getting more than a couple of questions wrong, you need to slow down. Reread the previous sentence. Slow down! Read the questions more carefully, take a closer look at the answer choices, and spend time reviewing your answers. Don't Rush. #6: Build Your Test Endurance The ACT can be mentally draining and it's easy to lose focus during the test. Fortunately, the ACT English section is always first, so you should have plenty of energy. On the other hand,you won't have time to ease into the test. Before test day, take at least 3 official tests simulating test-taking conditions. Mimic the test day experience as closely as possible. Use a timer. Bubble in your answers. Only take the ACT-allowed breaks. Turn off your cell phone. Yes, you read that correctly. Turn off your your cell phone! I know that will probably be scary and cause you anxiety, but you have to turn off your cell phone during the ACT, so you might as well practice going a few hours without posting an Instagram pic. If you follow all these tips, I guarantee you'll be ready for the ACT English section when test day arrives. You'll know the content, be comfortable with the format, and be confident that you can successfully complete the section. What's Next? As you continue your ACT English prep, I encourage you to study this post on the 5 critical concepts you must understand to ace ACT English. If you're striving for a perfect score, learn how to get a 36 on ACT English from a perfect scorer. You'll also find helpful advice in this article on my top tips for ACT English success. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this English lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Based on the two uploaded journals, what is one point from this week's Research Paper

Based on the two uploaded journals, what is one point from this week's readings that stood out to you. Your comments should f - Research Paper Example It is, however, both interesting and perplexing that while the complications experienced in data integration already has available solutions like the multi-level integrated information structures (MIIS), provisions for organizational change to accommodate new technology can not keep pace. Information in a knowledge-based society is considered a resource. Among others, organizational change in terms of revision / adaption of policies and resource handling constitute the primary issues which hinder data integration for inter-organizational networks. Data experts and concerned government authorities should, therefore, forge symbiotic relationships so that the power of synergized information and technology can be harnessed for optimal benefits of both government and society. Braman, Sandra. 2009. Change of State: Information, Policy and Power. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. The definition of information policy in the past is much simpler than it is today. The United States Constitution sought to protect the right of the people to communicate and express their opinion. Along with these protective mechanisms, the right of the people to information is enforced, since the only way for societal change to take place is by communicating ideas and opinions to those who can act and make things happen. Today, the landscape is more complex than ever.

A Principal of a Suburban School and Disadvantaged Students Essay

A Principal of a Suburban School and Disadvantaged Students - Essay Example Teaching is a noble profession which demands a responsible approach in every aspect of its planning and delivery. It is important that a teacher is aware of his or her ethical responsibility for delivering quality knowledge. In my teaching career with adult ESL learners in..., I realized that for adult learners to acquire maximum knowledge from the teaching sessions, their complete psychological involvement in the learning processes must be ensured. My experience shows that the exhaustive nature of the subjects that I taught makes the students lose attention in due course. I found it as a challenge to keep their attention focused on the learning process. So as to face this challenge, I employed an innovative approach by trying to make the learning process enjoyable. I included a number of activities within the teaching methodology which was integrated with the learning objectives. Activities like games and group activities were tried which made sure that the learners while enjoying t he process were more comfortable engaging in the learning process. The activities were given a competitive nature to entertain the students and to maintain their attention. Prizes were given for the winners, which retained their interest.For long sessions, activities involving physical movements were incorporated. Short icebreakers and warm up activities involving quick movements helped to keep the energy levels maintained. I have found these very useful as it brings in a cheerful atmosphere in the classroom. However, this activity has the limitation that it demands adequate space and facility.

Airline marketing Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Airline marketing - Research Proposal Example In fact, Dubai is known as the business hub of Middle East. Even though Dubai witnessed rapid growths during the latter part of twentieth century, a national airliner was a dream until 1985, despite having an excellent airport. Dubai had been used as the stopover on routes between Europe and Far East during the 70’s and early part of 80’s. The business savvy Dubai royal family has realized potential of airline business during this period and they decided to exploit it. Thus the initial works for the formation of the company EA has started in 1985. †Because of Dubai's unique political structure, Emirates could be described as both government-owned and privately held, though most considered it state-owned. It was required to operate independent of government subsidies, however, apart from $10 million in start-up capital† (The Emirates Group History). It is difficult to consider EA as a private or public company because of the unique political and administratio n system prevails in Dubai. The royal family is responsible for Dubai administration and at the same time, they are engaged in many other private businesses like EA. In 1974, three years after independence, the rulers of the UAE decided to establish a joint flag carrier: Gulf Air. However, a tense relationship between the airline and the Dubai government existed ever since its inception, as the latter re fused to give in to Gulf Air’s demands to abandon its open-skies policy. In reaction, Gulf Air reduced frequencies and capacities to and from Dubai by more than two thirds between 1984 and 1985 without advance notice. Since foreign carriers proved unable or unwilling to fill the gap, Dubai’s then ruler, Sheik Mohammed bin Rashid Al-Maktoum, convened a team of experts – headed by Maurice Flanagan and later joined by Tim Clark and the ruler’s then 26- year old son, Sheik Ahmed bin Saeed Al-Maktoum – to devise an emergency plan. The group’s rec ommendation to set up a home carrier for Dubai was quickly accepted by the ruler, but he imposed two conditions: The new airline should meet the highest quality standards and there would be no additional capital injections from the government other than the agreed USD 10 million start-up capital (Knorr and Eisenkopf, p.1). EA was formed in 1985 under the chairmanship of Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum, the nephew of the ruler of Dubai. Maurice Flanagan has taken charge as the managing director of the new airline. The first Emirates flight took off on October 25, 1985, from Dubai to Karachi. â€Å"Thereafter, Emirates Airlines reached Delhi and Mumbai. The airline launched services to Colombo, Chaka, Amman and Cairo in 1986. It kicked off non-stop services to London Gatwick in 1987 and also added Frankfurt, Singapore and Male to its network later on† (Emirates Airlines). Within nine months from the beginning operation, EA became profitable. Even though chairman Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum was only 27 years of age at the time, of taking charge of the airliner, he succeeded in converting EA into one of the most prominent airliner in the business with the company of Maurice Flanagan. As mentioned earlier, the differences with Gulf Air, motivated the Royal Family of Dubai to give take the growth of EA as a challenge. The Royal family allotted lavish funds for the initial expenditure, and took the growth of EA

Factors that influenced the change in management accounting

Factors that influenced the change in management accounting This chapter will review the relevant literature and the understanding of the traditional role of the management accountant. The chapter will begin with an understanding of the concept of management accounting. This provides a background for discussion of the traditional role of management accountant. Finally, a review of all the factors that may influence on the role and promoted the change of the role are explored. 2.1 Accounting Accounting is a process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgements and decisions by the users of the information (Wallace, 1997, p.220) The history of accountancy has progressed in combination with civilisation and commerce. The literature provides evidence that Paciolo in 1494 founded the concept of accounting by publication of Summa de Arithmetica. He presented accounting in methodical form that became a science later on. The definition suggests that accounting is about providing economic information to others and it relates to the financial or economic activities of the organisation. Accounting information is identified and measured by the way of a set of accounts or double-entry bookkeeping. 2.1.1 Management accounting Management accounting is that part of accounting which provides decision making information to managers for use in planning and controlling operations (Seal at all, 2006). The term of management accounting is defined by numbers of authors (Shank, 1989, Back-Hock, 1992, Nanni at all, 1992) in that management accounting provides information to develop performance measures and includes all planning and monitoring in an organisation. Simon et al., (1954), cited by Jarvenpaa (2007) described the role as the traditional role of management accounting. The role was an operational scorekeeping where accounting information was used to satisfy the organisations reporting obligation. 2.1.2 The rise and fall of management accounting The arrival of Johnson and Kaplans publication Relevant Lost: The rise and fall of management accounting (1987) plays an important role in the direction that teaching and research may adopt in the near future. JK states that the decline of management accounting began in the 1920s when most of the management accounting techniques known today were practically developed. According to JK the fall of management accounting was mainly due to the ever-increasing cost of implementing a detailed and efficient internal product cost system. JK argued that management accounting techniques had not change since 1920s. Up to 1980s many countries enjoyed operating in protective environments. Oversees companies were limited to operating in the domestic market with barriers to communication, geographical distance and sometimes protected markets (Drury, 2003). Since 1980s many organisations have changed and adapted new techniques. Organisational change had an impact on management accounting change. Cost allocation has been the most debated topic in man acc. Up to the 1960s standard costing was promoted by academic and professional organisations and was viewed as the key management accounting tool in cost control (Bailey, 2006). According to Allott (2000) the post war area was characterised by rational expectations about human behaviour and beliefs in linear progress, upward mobility and equal opportunity. The 1970s brought new changes to management accounting and standard costing relevance that began to focus more on efficiency . In the large organisations the accountability of standard costing was questioned. Robert S. Kaplan in his Accounting Review argued that cost accounting was developed between 1850 and 1915. He argued that up to 50s big corporations used cost oriented techniques (Knortz, 1990) but then they started to focus more on consumers and their role in a business. Due to changes in manufacturing and business environment, volume based costing is no longer appropriate because direct labour and material expenses no longer dominate product costs. In response to this issue activity based costing system was introduced that brought huge success to Japanese management accounting (Ezzamel, 1994). Each organisation must also consider the cultural and social setting before any alterations to the ABC are successful (Lowry, 1993, Ezzamel, 1994, Otley, 2008). In summary, the change of management accounting outlined by Johnson and Kaplan (1987) seem to be across management accounting literature (Otley, 1985, Noreen, 1987, Drucker, 1990, Ezzamel, 1994, Fry et al., 1998, Otley,2008). Jonson and Kaplan did raise important question about management accounting and helped organisations to re-evaluate the importance of having an accurate management accounting system. 2.2 Traditional role The concept of accountant was introduced in Italy around the eleventh century. At the same time the first society of accountants was establish here in Italy. In 1669 every accountant must be a member of the college before being allowed to practice (Woolf, 1986, p.162). 2.2.1 The typical stereotype The traditional role of accountant is often called the bean counter stereotype. Holland (1973) develops a theory on this subject. He classifies people into six categories. The accountant relates to the conventional type giving an overall good impression, decent, dealing with computations in the organisational and business field. He linked the work that accountant does to the type of person the accountant is. The close link was found by Bougen (1994, p.321) using various personal characteristics and different tasks. The stereotypical accountant was defined based on the tasks carried out. 2.2.2 The Bookkeeper/Traditional Management Accountant The old inaccurate image of stereotype was seen as quiet, boring and without original thoughts. The study on this negative image by Beardslee and ODowd (1962) was seen the accountant as a Victorian bookkeeper spending most of the time at the desk and on a ledger without contact with the outside world. Simon (1954) in his studies classified the role as scorekeeping, problem solving role and attention directing. According to Friedman and Lyne (1997) the scorekeeping focuses on compliance reporting and attention directing focuses on control issues. The problems solving role associated with decision-making and providing managers with relevant information. Feeney and Pierce (2007) stated that their role did not relate to the business, had lack of creativity and very limited level of decisions. Accountants were involved in working with budgeting, variance analysis and traditional accounting. Over the past 30 years management accountant had a clear but narrow view that management accounting information could help to improve profitability. They believed that managers from other departments did not understand the importance of accounting information and all available date they held in the accounting systems. At that time, management accountants were proved of their role and be able to educate their non-financial managers about the benefits of using this management accountants were traditionally seen as an independent person who had narrow knowledge how management accounting information could improve profitability and efficiency of the organisation. Nanni et al (1992) point out that traditional management accountants have tended to focus on a product-oriented rather than a process-oriented performances. There is some evidence that accountants have had little interests in any organisational changes even they had skills to bring some changes. For example, it was accountants who insisted on the implementation an activity-based costing system (Foster and Gupta, 1989) or product life-cycle costing system. 2.2.3 Accounting lag Johnson and Kaplan (1987) criticised management accountant for their inability to innovations and this was viewed as an accounting lag .Kaplan (1984) in his study about accounting lag proposed that accountants should develop a research strategy to meet new demands for planning and control information. He suggested that there was little innovation since 1920. Accounting lag need to be minimized to keep accounting information relevant to all changes occurring over time. 2. 3 Pressures for Changes The literature identifies some relevant factors that impact on the role of management accountants including: 2.3.1 Advances in Manufacturing and Globalisation Companies have invested heavily in new manufacturing technology such as computer aided manufacturing (CAM), Computer Aided Design (CAD), and flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) (Buggerman and Siagmulder) The new manufacturing technologies have impacted on traditional managing accounting systems and !Consequently it is argued that management accounting systems have to change when manufacturing systems change With respect to product costing and overhead costs, tracking thousands of individual products can be overwhelming. Traditionally, Labour hours were used as a basis for an overhead allocation. It is perhaps less suited as products made through automation would be charged an insufficient overhead rate. The competitive pressure on firms and the shift in many industry sectors from cost led pricing to price-led costing (Nixon, 1998) and globalization are just some of the many factors that are influencing the escalating expenditure on RD and New Product Development that most companies must now incur. 2.3.2Competition Pre 1980s many countries enjoyed operating in protective environments. Oversees companies were limited to operating in the domestic market with barriers to communication, geographical distance and sometimes protected markets (Drury 2003) However manufacturing companies were open to sever pressure from competition from oversees competitors that offered high quality products at low prices. To be successful in competition against these companies they had to advance and adopt to change and find a competitive weapon to compete against world class manufacturing companies. As a result of highly competitive market, consumers expectations, changes in tastes and attitudes, companies must now have the flexibility to cope with consumer demands for greater variety and improvements, shorter life cycles etc. 2.3.3 Advances in manufacturing technology Evolution of management accounting information technologies and ERP systems in particular have been a fundamental catalyst in I.T. change and traditional management accounting techniques have had to keep in line and pace with these rapid advancements. ERP can have significant implications for management accountants. As noted by Granlund and Malmi (2003) the link to management accounting appears important since one set of benefits from integrated systems is assumed to flow from easy and fast access to operational data, management accounting being essential for conveying such data in a managerial relevant and usable form. Also when major scale changes regarding information systems occur, logic of accounting becomes exposed to evaluation and possible changes. As ERP is a totally integrated information system it merges together all data from manufacturing department to sales division and the integrated data flows immediately through the system(). As a consequence of this integration accountants have had to learn to work with this new system, and to look at the business as a process rather than in divisions which has led to more team work and greater cross functional communication and co-operation. On the other hand there is evidence suggesting the accounting professionals are developing a broader role for themselves. Accountants are becoming less in charge of data gathering and more data interpretation and consulting kind of work. ERP has eliminated several number crunching assignments as its already done by the system thus leaving more time for accountants to expand their capabilities. Their role can be enhanced by becoming advisors and internal consultants to other managers. With the implementation and running of ERP systems accountants have gained a more active role in the maintenance and management of the IT area and eroding into activities and responsibilities typical of the I.T. area. Caglio (2003) states that As a consequence of the intro of ERP systems, accountants have experienced a phenomenon of Hybridization deriving from their set of practices and legitimized competencies 2.3.4 Changes in organisation structure Changes in manufacturing technology, globalisation and fierce competition have lead to changes in the structure of the organisation. Companies have focus on downsizing, delay ring management activities and outsourcing support services. Technology advances in flexible manufacturing robotics automated production and computerised engineering and planning are affecting the markets raising the quality of products and services while lowering and eliminating stock levels (Baily 2006) Conclusion Chapter 3 3.1 Change is a contextual process Burns and Vaivio (2001) described change as a complex and contextual process. They introduced three perspectives on change. The first perspective explores the idea that what sometimes appears to be change, may not actually be the change (DCU thesis). Change could be an illusion or kind of organizational mirage and often can be seen as positive phenomenon. But sometimes management accounting change could lead to substantial problems such as unforeseen conflict (Malmi, 1997; Kasurinen, 1999; Granlund, 2001). The second perspective provides a debate about the logic of change. Any changes including management accounting change is not planned, but is viewed as a part of reality and neutral activity. The final perspective point out that management accounting can be viewed as phenomenon. Therefore change may be presented as a centrally driven effort where the management plays an important role. For example in the case of mergers and acquisitions occurring, new rules will be introduced and/or modified. This can happen deliberately or unconsciously. Deliberate changes could occur due to resistance within the acquired organisation (Burns and Scapens 2000) Changes may be unconscious when rules are simply misunderstood or are inappropriate to the circumstances. 3.2 Management accounting change Management accounting change has become an increasingly popular focus for research in management accounting in 1990s due to implementation of activity-based costing( Innes and Mitchell, 1990), activity-based cost management ( Friedman and Lyne, 1995), life cycle costing (Shields and Young, 1991) and target costing (e.g. Dutton and Ferguson, 1996). Recent research has debated whether management accounting has changed, has not changed or should be changed. (Burns and Scapens 2000) Whether management accounting has changed or not, that the environment in which management accountants operate certainly has changed with advances in information technology, change in organisation structure and stiffer competitive markets. The understanding of management accounting change constitutes much more than the selection of what may be perceived as being optimal accounting systems and techniques, followed by a technical process of implementation. (Burns et al book) Selecting and using the correct management accounting techniques and the technical aspects of performance are important, but there are also behavioural and cultural issues to be understood in relation to change implementation and change management. The main focus on management accounting change is on understanding the processes involved in the implementation of management accounting change and the complexities of, and difficulties involved in, changing management accounting systems, techniques and roles. Burns (1999) suggest that many organisations have routines in place and new changes introduced will lead to the change of the nature of the organisation. In the early 1980s a project, called the Production Cost Control Project was set up to improve the flow of acc info in Omega Plc. The project had failed because the operating managers saw the business in terms of producing-based meanings and routines. The divisional accountants viewed the business as financial term and regarded PCCP as a means of introducing accounting-based routines. Sulaiman and Mitchell (2005) carried out study on management accounting change in Malaysian manufacturing companies. After gathering all information a four types of change had occurred. The two types occurred due to new technique introduction and two concerned existing management accounting modification. The research found that management accountant classified the level of management accounting change into five generalised components. 3.3 Institutional theory 3.3.1 Institution Institutional theory is a theoretical framework that became more relevant in research of management accounting change. In accepting this theory there is no universally agreed definition of an institution. Scott (1995) describes instutions are social structures that have attained a high degree of resilience Burns and Scapens (19990 defined institution as a way of action of commonness which is surrounded in the habits of a group of people. 3.3.2 Institutional framework as a rules and routines concept Development of the framework began by looking at the way in which order is achieved through rules and routines. The framework perceive management accounting to be a rules and routines constituted by established habits. (Kim Soin, 2002). Hodgson (1993) defined habits as self-actualizing dispositions or tendencies to engage in previously adopted form of action. Habit is a personal action where routines involve group of people as components of institution. Routines play an important role in an organisation in which management accounting was viewed as a rule concept where management accountant performed routine tasks. Rules may be became implemented through the establishment of routines and vice versa. Therefore the reproduction of roles and routine will persist over time and the routines of management accountants may be changed. The process of change may develop new routines which over time could be institutionalised. In the organisation routines can be adapted very quickly over the time. Human behaviour in the organisation is based on repeating actions to comply with rules and routines as they provide an organisational memory and represent the basis for the development of the behaviour (Kim Soin, 2002). Guerreiro, R at al (2006) used habit, routines and institutions to illustrate how accounting practices can turn from habit to institutions through routines. They concluded that all institutions are structured on the basis of take-for-granted habits and routines, succeed during a certain period and are realised in a form of normative rules. 3.3.3 Taken for granted According to Scapens (2006) organisations react more slowly to changes than individuals as they removed form every day activities in some way. He observed that over time, management accounting can contain a structure that shows the way organisations thinking and acting which is widely taken for granted. Management accountants were viewed as routine features in the organisation and they simply taken for granted as the way things are. Some researches of institutionalism criticised the framework as it overplays its emphasis on constancy at the expense of focusing on institutional change. Quattrone and Hopper (2001) explained how management accounting can be influenced by an organisation or by individuals. Individualism argues that an organisation changes when individual actions modify the organisation. They introduced the concept of drift for constructions of accounting change. The authors replaced the word change with world drift. Quattrone and Hopper (2001) choose drift as to represent accounting change as incomplete attempts at organising and emphasise that human elements that situate accounting change is not a harbour to the change. They argued that accounting change was also promoted by technical and inscribed elements. In a recent study of change in management accounting Busco at all (2007) organised the notion of change within key dimensions. The key dimensions were evaluated in terms of the ratio and forms of change as well as evaluation over space and time of change. They carried out a case study to investigate those key dimensions in the Middle-East Gas and Oil Company (MEGOC) as a large corporation operating in the oil and gas industry. They found that change can only happen due to incompleteness that exists within an organisation. Busco at all (2007) concluded that management accounting change is a theoretical space which, possibly more than many others in management and organizational studies, intersects and interacts with the broader knowledge area of the social sciences, sociology and philosophy of knowledge and science and technology studies Conclusion Chapter 4 4.1 Management accountant as hybrid accountant The term hybrid accountant emerged in the literature from around 1995 as its role was focused on product stream. Burns and Baldvinsdottir (2005) studied a concept of new role of management accountant as hybrid accountant by examining a multinational pharmaceutical company in the manufacturing division. Their study found that the number of hybrid accountants increase with development of team relationship building while routine accounting role disappearing. Two types of hybrid accountant were found from their study: finance manager and finance analyst were the finance manager was involved in strategic issues and the finance analyst was involved with day to day activities. According to Miller et al (2007) hybrid is defined as new phenomena produced out of two or more elements normally found separately. The discussion in the literature around hybrid accountant has developed in business partner direction. 4.2 Business partner role It has been noted in the literature that management accountant have become more and more involved in business processes (Sathe, 1982, Keating and Joblonsky) and have demonstrated a strong business understanding (Feeney, 2007, Burns at all, 1999). Hopper (1980) found that principal task of accountants was to act in a service role rather than a bookkeeper. He found that majority described their lore as the service role and only few called themselves as the bookkeeper and preferred the management accounting tasks to be centralised. Grnalund and Lukka(1998) presented the transformation from bean counter to business-orientated management accountant position. The transformation occurred with the increasing decentralization of the management accounting function. They concluded that those two roles are very different and a person can not act in both roles. Some evidence emerging in the literature that transformation of management accountants to business partner started at the top by the busi ness and profit centre managers became more depended on accountants. Managers used their help as the guidance to run their business (Siegel, 2003) and they expect from accountants a better business understanding and more flexibility (Pierce and ODea, 2003). Burns and Baldvinsdottir (2005) concluded that it is necessary for management accountants to have a broad range of business skills with their basic technical skills. 4.3 Professional skills of management accountant ( subheading needed) As processes have changed and accounting has adapted over time to meet the needs of ever changing business, management accountants have been required to change their skills. (Fleming 1999) They are projected to be forward thinking business forecaster s who add value to the entity and not just highlighting whether the targets have been met (Burns and Yazdifar) Traditionally management accountants spent time on preparing standardized reports. Today the shift has moved towards analyzing, interpreting and providing information for decision making purposes. (Roberta et al 2009) These skills include traditional as well as soft skills that these management accountants posses in order to contribute positively to the tasks that are acquired to perform as part of their role (Jones and Abraham 2007) A recent study by Freeny and Pierce 2007 looked at management accountant skills and asked both managers and management accountants to rank skills in order of perceived importance. Ethics and honesty were rated highly by both parties. Managers value the unbiased and objective perspective offered by management accountants- the financial numbers cannot afford to be skewed in favor of a certain standpoint Accuracy is also crucial. A simple error in calculation could amount to millions of Euros, which could lead to a wrong decision (Siegal 2000 )As part of Management accountants role converging towards hybrid accountants as business partners, honesty is good but they have to take into account a bit of cop on (Freeny and Pierce 2007) and process the commercial knowledge required on their behalf to get the job done. For many businesses, critical thinking, problem solving and analytical skills are essential tools. It is an important skill of management accountants to think critically and to be good at problem solving. They need to be able to step back and look at something outside of the box (Siegal 2000) people can be a wizard at spreadsheets, can manipulate data effectively but can they figure out whether the information in front of them is reasonably or realistic (Freeny and Pierce 2007) Accounts have to be able to think logically in a business setting. They cant just learn off and memorize what to do in different situations. Creativity is also important, to be able to step aside and show some innovation and ideas to problems. In the study by Freeny and Pierce management accountants actual ratings in relation to interpersonal/ leadership and communication skill set fell below managers expectations. These are classed as fundamental skills and a necessary to have the ability to take on a complex subject and turn it into easily understandable language and be able to explain it to managers and other non accountants. you guys can be geniuses with your spreadsheets but there isnt that many of you that can sit down at the meeting and share information. A key responsibility in compiling reports for use is that the input is based from other personnel throughout the organization. Good personnel skills are needed to approach these managers and request information. Problems could arise where managers believe management accountants can adjust their targets and cause problems. This requires substantial interpersonal skills to close the communication gap. It is evident that management accountants must prepare and equip themselves for their new role in line with changing business demands. Professional accounting bodies must update and modernize their training and education curriculum to guarantee that todays management accountants can cope with new information technology systems, strategy and business partner role. (Burns and Yazdifar) As many of the new accounting roles do not necessarily need a management accountant there is a threat posed to the profession. For example if an engineering firm is seeking for a new business manager they might seek engineers who encompass business knowledge with an accountant qualification rather than a fully qualified management accountant. To combat this threat accounting educators should develop curriculums that are less dominated by traditional management practices and focus on management accounting in a modern light and equip students with the skills necessary and useful to provide a value-added service. Carcello et al (1991) conducted a survey of comparing student expectations to that of accounting professionals anticipations. Students included in the sample were within six months of graduating and professional accountants were in the work place for 1.5 years to 3.5 years. Four questions of the survey pacifically related to skills essential as a practicing accountant. (A) Technical Knowledge, (B) C computer Skills, (C) Verbal and Written Communication skills, (D) Interpersonal skills. Respondents had to rank the skills on a five point scale. The results of the survey showed that professionals and students had similar views as to the importance of technical knowledge and computer skills. Students perceived communication skills and interpersonal skills as more important than professionals. Carcello et al (1991) concluded that this is a positive result as both communication and interpersonal skills are essential attributes of the accounting profession. Oswick et al (1994) conducted a survey on the perception of public accounting skills held by uk students with accounting and non accounting career aspirations. The perception of a traditional accountant being dull and lacking in social skills is detained with non accountant students. In Oswicks study these non accounting students perceived empathy and social styles as less important skills necessary than accounting students. Interpersonal skills were also rated lowly as perceived important by students not interested in accountancy. Students interested in accountancy did place a higher weighting on interpersonal skills and view the accountancy profession as a more interactive and social profession. From the surveys conducted on skills required by accountants it is evident that there has been as increased weighting on the soft skills acquired by management accountant. Such evidence had had implications for accounting educators. It is necessary to enable students and for faculty to remain abreast of the changes taking place in the profession and to identify key Accounting Skills needed for success. (Russell et al 1999) Chapter 5 Methodology 5.1 Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to elaborate on the research methodology that was used in this dissertation. The beginning of this chapter refers to the objective of the research and is followed by the process of selecting the research method. This chapter also considers the limitations of the chosen research method. 5.2 Objective As outlined in the introduction chapter the main purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the change of management accountants over time. The researcher wishes to identify the traditional role of management accountants and compare to the modern role of management accountant. The authors also seek to explore the factors that promoted the change. A number of researches have already been carried out on business partner or hybrid accountant role and this has resulted a significant availability of information regarding this area. However, there is a lack of examination in some areas that the research will explore. 5.3 Chosen methodology In order to achieve the research objectives it is necessary to choose an appropriate research approach. Tsetsekos (1993) outlined that the research methodology is very important as it specifies the information requirements for the successful completion of a research project. This dissertation is based on a secondary research that includes a critical review of prior literature. Secondary data consists of both quantitative and qualitative data. 5.3.1 Secondary Data Literature review A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted in chapter one, two and three. Literature review helps the reade